Even drinking just one glass of wine with dinner may turn a driver over 55 years of age into a danger on the road, according to research that suggests it may be time to rethink legal blood alcohol levels for all drivers.
Sara Jo Nixon, Ph.D., a professor in the departments of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Florida, and doctoral candidate Alfredo Sklar tested how drinking legally non-intoxicating levels of alcohol affect the driving skills of two age groups: 36 people ages 25 to 35 and 36 people ages 55 to 70.
They found that although neither age group imbibed enough alcohol to put them over the legal driving limit, a blood alcohol level of 0.08, just one drink can affect the driving abilities of older drivers.
Based on the study findings published in the journal Psychopharmacology in February, the researchers say it could be time to reassess legal blood alcohol levels for all drivers.
“These simulations have been used a lot in looking at older adults, and they have been used at looking how alcohol affects the driving of younger adults, but no one’s ever looked at the combination of aging drivers and alcohol,” Sklar said.
The study is the latest in a body of work by Nixon and her team that looks at how even moderate doses of alcohol affect aging adults.
At the beginning of the study, both groups completed a driving task completely sober. The task took the drivers down a simulated winding 3-mile stretch of country road. The drivers stared straight ahead at a large computer monitor. Two computer monitors flanked the first, mimicking the side windows of a car and what the drivers would see in their peripheral vision. A stereo system played driving sounds. A console included a steering wheel and brake and gas pedals. Occasionally, the drivers would encounter an oncoming car, but they did not encounter other distractions.
“There wasn’t even a cow,” said Nixon, who also is co-vice chair and chief of the division of addiction research in the department of psychiatry in the UF College of Medicine and UF’s Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute.
Researchers assessed the drivers’ ability to stay in the center of the lane and maintain a constant speed. They also looked at how rapidly they adjusted the steering wheel.
On a later day, the groups were further separated into groups. The first imbibed a placebo — a diet lemon-lime soda misted with a negligible amount of alcohol to mimic the experience of drinking alcohol. A second group’s drink was strong enough to produce a 0.04 percent breath alcohol level, and a third group’s drink gave them a breath alcohol level of 0.065 percent — still below the federal legal level for drinking of 0.08.
Participants then completed the same driving task they performed when they were sober. Researchers timed the task so participants’ alcohol levels were declining to mimic a situation in which individuals have a drink with dinner and then drive home.
In younger adults, the researchers found alcohol consumption did not affect their measured driving skills at all — a finding that Nixon called a “bit surprising.” She warned that the absence of effects in this laboratory setting does not mean that young adult drivers’ driving wouldn’t be affected in normal circumstances, driving in a typical, real-world setting. She noted that the laboratory setting was simplified compared with real-world driving and that the current data don’t address potential problems in more complex settings.
But for the older drivers, the small, legal levels of intoxication did affect their driving.
The researchers are evaluating additional study results. Participants also drove a course through a small-town setting as well as a city setting, complete with pedestrians, motorists who violated traffic signs and other challenges. Sklar and others in the laboratory will examine brain electrophysiological data collected through scalp electrodes embedded in caps that the subjects were wearing during the drive to study how the brain responds during the driving test when dosed with alcohol.
Source: the University of Florida
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